A recent study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand reveals that within its first two years of operation, a wind farm can offset the carbon emissions produced over its entire 30-year lifespan, when compared to thermal power plants. The research, based on data from the Harapaki onshore wind farm in New Zealand, suggests that this finding is indicative of wind farms globally, as the technology used in New Zealand is consistent with international standards. Lead author Isabella Pimentel Pincelli from Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington emphasizes the environmental efficiency of onshore wind farms and their role in the energy transition.
The study, which included a review of existing literature on wind farms and real construction data from the Harapaki wind farm, calculates that the farm will have a carbon footprint of 10.8 gCO2eq/kWh. For avoided combined cycle gas turbines, the greenhouse gas payback time is estimated at 1.5-1.7 years, with an energy payback time of 0.4-0.5 years. Co-author Professor Alan Brent highlights the importance of considering the environmental impacts of the installation and transportation phases, which account for nearly 10% of overall emissions. He recommends ongoing efforts to improve the manufacturing process and reduce negative environmental impacts.
End-of-life blade recycling is suggested as a strategy to further mitigate the carbon emissions associated with wind farm development. Currently, blades are disposed of in landfills due to commercial feasibility, but by implementing recycling methods, emissions could be reduced from 10.8 gCO2eq to a potential 9.7. The expert team also recommends continued research in this area to stay current with technological advancements. The study, while focusing on energy intensity and emissions throughout the life cycle of wind farms, acknowledges the need for further research into other environmental impacts such as ozone depletion, human toxicity, acidification, eutrophication, and resource depletion, as well as social, wildlife, and economic considerations.
The study underscores the importance of onshore wind plants in sustainable development and the ongoing need for improvements to reduce environmental impacts. The manufacturing of wind turbines is identified as the primary contributor to the carbon and energy footprints of wind farms, emphasizing the need for targeted environmental mitigation strategies in this area. The results of the study, based on data from the Harapaki wind farm, are seen as indicative of wind farms globally, suggesting that the environmental benefits of wind energy are significant in the context of the energy transition.
Overall, the study highlights the potential of wind farms to offset carbon emissions and contribute to sustainable energy systems, while also recognizing the need for continued research and improvements to address environmental impacts. By focusing on the entire life cycle of wind farms, from manufacturing to decommissioning, the study provides valuable insights into the environmental efficiency of wind energy and the opportunities for reducing carbon footprints in the development of wind farms.
