GLP-1 analogues, such as semaglutide, are commonly prescribed for people with type 2 diabetes to help with weight loss and blood sugar control. In recent years, there has been growing interest in using these drugs for the treatment of obesity as well. Researchers have conducted a review of medical literature to better understand how GLP-1 analogues contribute to reduced calorie consumption. These drugs mimic the action of a molecule called glucagon-like peptide, which helps regulate insulin release in the pancreas. Studies have shown that GLP-1 analogues work in various ways to aid weight loss, including by slowing gastric emptying and increasing feelings of fullness after eating.
Research has also looked into the potential benefits of GLP-1 analogues beyond weight loss, particularly in relation to lowering the risk of conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease in obese individuals. However, it remains unclear whether these effects are primarily due to weight loss or other mechanisms of the drugs. Dr. Mir Ali, a bariatric surgeon, pointed to the possibility of weight gain after stopping these medications, emphasizing the need for more research to understand the reasons behind potential weight fluctuation. As these drugs become more popular, more effects related to weight loss may emerge, highlighting the importance of ongoing research in this area.
A recent review published in the International Journal of Obesity focused on research concerning the use of GLP-1 analogues, such as semaglutide and liraglutide (Saxenda), for weight loss in obese individuals. Most studies have primarily examined the initial weight loss phase lasting 12–18 months, but there is limited information on the maintenance phase when weight loss stabilizes. Side effects of GLP-1 analogues, such as gastric upset and nausea, are more common at the beginning of treatment. However, weight loss during the maintenance phase was not linked to these side effects. Studies have shown that users’ caloric intake remained restricted even after the initial weight loss phase.
Research has explored the impact of GLP-1 analogues on eating behaviors and food preferences in individuals using these medications. While there was a decrease in cravings for certain types of foods, such as dairy and starchy foods, the macronutrient profiles of their diets remained unchanged. There is uncertainty about whether these drugs lead to an increased desire for sweeter foods, including those containing sucralose. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that GLP-1 analogues can alter neuronal responses in the brain regions involved in appetite control and reward. Despite these findings, more research is needed to better understand the relationship between GLP-1 analogues and changes in food preferences.
Prof. Alex Miras, an obesity expert, highlighted limitations in current studies, particularly in the collection of data on diet behaviors. He suggested that observational studies, rather than self-reported data, are more reliable for confirming findings related to changes in food preferences induced by pharmacotherapy for obesity. Dr. Ali also underscored the challenges in finding effective treatments for obesity due to its multifactorial nature, involving genetics, hormones, activity, environment, and socio-economic factors. He emphasized the importance of conducting more robust studies, involving larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods, to gain a better understanding of the effects of GLP-1 analogues and other treatments for obesity.
