The potential need to strengthen Europe’s military has become a focal point for European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, who has emphasized the importance of defense amid increasing global instability. Despite this urgency, significant legal, political, and financial obstacles stand in the way. Von der Leyen’s proposed European Defence Union, complete with a designated commissioner, seeks to address the continent’s security concerns, particularly in light of Russia’s aggressions. The shift towards a stronger military focus represents a departure from the EU’s traditional economic priorities.
The reliance on US support for European security may be shifting, with concerns that the current administration may see NATO as a service rather than a security guarantee. European countries, including many in the EU, are beginning to recognize the need to invest more in defense. An increase in defense spending among NATO members, projected for 2024, indicates a growing awareness of the need for stronger military capabilities. A recent poll shows that nearly half of European voters consider EU defense a political priority, especially in countries bordering Russia.
The idea of establishing an EU army remains distant, with the focus instead shifting towards stimulating the domestic defense industry. The EU’s current military capabilities are limited, with the majority of military purchases coming from providers outside the EU. Efforts to improve production capacity and coordination among member states are key priorities. Initiatives such as EDIRPA and ASAP aim to enhance common procurement and ammunition supply, albeit with significant challenges, particularly in terms of funding.
Challenges facing EU defense policy, such as regulatory limitations and intergovernmental dynamics, have hindered progress in strengthening military capabilities. Efforts to consolidate the defense market through legislation and increased funding have faced resistance. Proposed solutions, including a €100bn fund, European Investment Bank extensions, and defense bonds, aim to bridge the funding gap. However, national interests, budget constraints, and treaty restrictions complicate negotiations and decision-making within the EU.
EU-US relations in defense are evolving, with Washington now more supportive of European defense initiatives as global security threats increase. The upcoming US presidential elections could influence the transatlantic defense partnership, with incumbent Joe Biden seen as a transatlanticist, in contrast to Trump’s isolationist tendencies. However, the need for Europe to enhance its defense capabilities should not be contingent on US political outcomes. The EU must adapt to changing geopolitical threats and prioritize security, regardless of external influences.
Von der Leyen’s proposed institutional changes, including the appointment of a new defense commissioner, could potentially enhance the EU’s ability to strengthen military capabilities and regulatory standards. However, the EU’s track record in defense coordination has been slow, with national interests often overshadowing collective efforts. The upcoming European Parliament elections and potential shift towards right-wing priorities could further complicate progress in European defense policy. Despite obstacles, the imperative for Europe to protect itself and adapt to changing global dynamics remains critical.
