A new study conducted by an international team of researchers, with virologists from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) leading the way, has identified 40 previously unknown nidoviruses in various vertebrates, including 13 coronaviruses. Through the use of a new computer-assisted analysis method and high-performance computers, the research team examined nearly 300,000 data sets to uncover these viruses. This discovery opens up new perspectives in understanding the natural virus reservoir, as virus research is still in its early stages, and only a fraction of all viruses in nature are known, especially those that cause diseases in humans, animals, and crops.
Nidoviruses, with RNA as their genetic material, are prevalent in vertebrates and belong to the coronavirus family. Despite having common characteristics, nidoviruses exhibit significant diversity in terms of genome size. One key finding of the study was regarding the genetic exchange between different virus species in host animals that can occur during replication. This phenomenon can lead to the emergence of new viruses with altered properties, affecting their aggressiveness, dangerousness, and host specificity. Bats, known to host various viruses, are considered a melting pot for viral recombination, and it is suspected that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus may have originated from bats.
The study revealed that after gene exchange between nidoviruses, the spike protein, which facilitates virus entry into host cells, often undergoes changes. This alteration can significantly impact the viruses’ infectiousness and ability to switch hosts, potentially leading to easier transmission between species, as seen in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers highlighted the importance of monitoring for potentially dangerous virus variants through systematic searches using the new high-performance computer process. This approach could help identify viruses that pose a threat to human health and facilitate early intervention to prevent outbreaks.
In addition to the immediate implications for virus surveillance and pandemic preparedness, the study has broader implications for understanding virus-associated carcinogenesis. With the new high-performance computing method, researchers could systematically screen cancer patients or immunocompromised individuals for hidden viruses that may contribute to the development of tumors. Known examples of viruses causing cancer, such as human papillomaviruses, may just be the beginning, and the new technology offers the chance to uncover previously undetected viruses that could play a role in cancer development. This innovative approach could lead to significant advancements in both virus research and cancer prevention strategies.
Overall, the study sheds light on the dynamic nature of viruses and the potential risks associated with genetic recombination between different species. By identifying new nidoviruses and understanding how they evolve, researchers can better prepare for future viral outbreaks and mitigate their impact on public health. The newfound ability to analyze vast amounts of genetic data with advanced computational tools offers unprecedented insights into the world of viruses and their role in causing diseases, including cancer. With continued research and technological advancements, we may be better equipped to tackle emerging viral threats and safeguard global health.
