In a study published in Nature, researchers introduced a new data analysis method called Twigstats to measure differences between genetically similar groups more accurately, shedding light on migration patterns throughout Europe. By analyzing over 1500 European genomes from individuals who lived between the years 1 to 1000 AD, including the Iron Age and Viking Age, the team was able to identify movements of Germanic-speaking people southwards in the early Iron Age. They found evidence of ancestry from Northern Germany or Scandinavia in southern Europe, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and southern Britain.
The research also revealed that these migrating groups eventually mixed with pre-existing populations, leading to the formation of modern-day German and English populations. Additionally, the study highlighted the presence of individuals with Scandinavian ancestry in Britain prior to the Anglo-Saxon and Viking periods, suggesting earlier migrations than previously thought. The findings suggest a complex interplay between different Germanic language groups and their interactions with existing populations in Europe.
Furthermore, the team discovered a wave of migration northwards into Scandinavia towards the end of the Iron Age, just before the Viking Age. Many Viking Age individuals in southern Scandinavia were found to have ancestry from Central Europe, indicating a lasting shift in ancestry. The study also pointed out archaeological evidence of conflicts in Scandinavia during this period, which may have influenced population movements in the region. More research is needed to fully understand the reasons behind these migrations and interactions.
During the Viking Age, between 800-1050 AD, Scandinavians expanded their influence through raiding and settlement across Europe. The research showed that individuals outside of Scandinavia during this time exhibited a mix of local and Scandinavian ancestry, supporting historical records of Viking expansion. Mass graves in Britain containing remains of violently deceased individuals had genetic links to Scandinavia, suggesting they may have been executed members of Viking raiding parties.
The new data analysis method, Twigstats, provided researchers with a sharper tool for studying fine-scale genetic history, enabling them to uncover previously hidden migration patterns across Europe. By applying this method, the team hopes to illuminate more missing pieces of the genetic puzzle in other populations around the world. The study’s senior author, Pontus Skoglund, highlighted the importance of expanding the record of ancient whole-genome sequences to further investigate population movements in history.
In conclusion, the study’s findings offer a deeper insight into the complex migratory movements of populations in prehistoric and historic Europe. By combining genetic evidence with historical accounts, researchers have been able to trace the movements of Germanic-speaking groups, Scandinavian migrations, and Viking expansion with more accuracy. The development of innovative data analysis methods like Twigstats opens up new possibilities for resolving crucial questions about migration, cultural exchange, and the formation of modern European populations.
