A recent study conducted by researchers at NYU Langone Health and its Perlmutter Cancer Center has identified more than a dozen bacterial species in the mouth that are associated with a 50% increased risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). These bacteria, some of which are known to contribute to periodontal disease, can lead to serious gum infections and other oral health issues. Previous research has shown a correlation between poor oral health and an increased susceptibility to HNSCC, but the specific bacterial types involved had not been clearly identified until now.
Led by study lead author Soyoung Kwak, PhD, the researchers analyzed the genetic makeup of oral microbes collected from healthy individuals to determine which bacteria were most linked to an elevated risk of HNSCC. They identified 13 species of bacteria that were associated with a 30% greater likelihood of developing head and neck cancers. When combined with five other species commonly found in gum disease, the overall risk increased to 50%. These findings provide new insight into the relationship between the oral microbiome and HNSCC and may be used as biomarkers to identify individuals at high risk.
The study, published in the journal JAMA Oncology, is the largest and most detailed analysis of its kind to date, examining data from three ongoing investigations involving nearly 160,000 Americans. Participants provided saliva samples for microbial testing and were followed up for 10 to 15 years to track the development of tumors. The researchers found no evidence to suggest that common fungi in the oral microbiome play a role in HNSCC. Factors such as diet, lifestyle, and medical history were also taken into account to analyze the correlation between oral bacteria and cancer risk.
Study co-senior author Richard Hayes, DDS, MPH, PhD, emphasized the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene habits to prevent periodontal disease and potentially reduce the risk of head and neck cancer. While the study identified correlations between certain bacteria in the mouth and cancer risk, further research is needed to establish a direct cause-and-effect link. Co-senior author Jiyoung Ahn, PhD, stated that the next steps involve exploring the mechanisms through which these bacteria contribute to HNSCC and identifying potential interventions to reduce the risk.
Despite the increased risk associated with specific bacteria in the mouth, the researchers point out that cases of head and neck cancer remain relatively rare. Funding for the study was provided by National Institutes of Health grants, highlighting the importance of continued research in this area to further understand the role of the oral microbiome in the development of HNSCC. The findings of this study provide valuable information that can help in the early detection and prevention of head and neck cancers, emphasizing the importance of maintaining good oral health practices.