A new theory on crystallization has been developed by James Martin, a professor of chemistry at North Carolina State University. This theory challenges the traditional understanding of how crystals form in solutions. According to Martin, the material that crystallizes is the dominant component within a solution, which is usually the solvent rather than the solute. This new theory could have implications for a wide range of fields, from drug development to climate change.
The traditional view of dissolving and precipitating as reverse processes is inaccurate, according to Martin. In reality, these processes are completely different. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the solvent dominates by essentially breaking down the solute. To grow a crystal from that solution, the dominant phase must shift to the solute, which becomes the solvent at that point and forms the crystal. This new understanding is illustrated by thermodynamic phase diagrams, specifically the transition-zone theory.
The crystallization process is explained as occurring in two steps: first, a melt-like pre-growth intermediate forms, and then that intermediate can organize into the crystal structure. Martin emphasizes the importance of quickly separating the solvent and solute to grow a crystal from a solution. By emphasizing the solvent rather than the impurity within it, the rate and size of crystal formation can be controlled more effectively.
Martin tested his theory on various solutions, concentrations, and temperature conditions and found that it accurately predicted the rate and size of crystal formation. He argues that previous descriptions of crystal growth were flawed because they focused on independent solute particles diffusing to a growing crystal interface. Instead, Martin’s theory highlights the need to understand cooperative ensembles of the solvent to explain crystal growth.
The new theory focuses on how solute impurities disrupt the cooperative ensemble of the solvent, and by understanding the interplay of temperature and concentration, researchers can predict how fast and large crystals will grow out of a solution. This knowledge could be applied not only to crystal formation but also to preventing crystal formation, such as in the case of preventing kidney stones from growing. The practical applications of this theory could have significant implications for various real-world problems.
Overall, Martin’s groundbreaking theory on crystallization challenges traditional views and provides researchers with valuable tools to better understand crystal growth. By recognizing the importance of the solvent in controlling the rate of crystal formation, scientists can make better predictions and potentially solve a wide range of real-world problems. This study, supported in part by the National Science Foundation, is published in Matter and has the potential to impact various fields beyond chemistry.