Summarize this content to 2000 words in 6 paragraphs in Arabic Identifying the extent, and causes, of gender- and race-based disparities among patent recipients in the US may help to provide ways to narrow these gaps, researchers say.Data from the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) shows that, in 2020, fewer than 13 per cent of patent recipients in the US were women. And Black American inventors \u2014 less easily tracked, since race is not identified on patent applications \u2014 are three times less likely to be patent holders than their white counterparts, according to a December 2023 Science magazine article.These gaps contribute to income inequalities and influence who receives funding for invention, researchers in US academic, business and legal fields have found. They also influence what type of innovation emerges, and who benefits from it. \u00a0Jordana Goodman, an assistant professor at the Chicago-Kent College of Law who studies equity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields, points to the example of inventors Bruce Boyd and Brigitte Gopou, whose experience may indicate some of the underlying factors.13%Propertion of US patent recipients in 2020 who were womenIn 2004, Boyd and Gopou invented a hair sculpting tool, the NuDred Hair Sponge, used for styling dreadlocks. \u201cIt\u2019s a product that you use to style very curly hair and kind of start dreads,\u201d Goodman says. \u201cAnd it can do in minutes what people used to do in hours because you would have to twist each piece of hair by hand.\u201dWhen the two sought legal advice on patenting, they faced the reality that white men form the vast majority of practitioners in the field. In the end, Boyd and Gopou felt their patent application did not \u201cnecessarily emphasise\u201d the novelties of their tool, Goodman says. The patent they eventually secured, she adds, was \u201conly for the method of using the product and not the product itself, so it\u2019s easier for people to produce knock-offs in the United States and not get in as much trouble with litigation\u201d.Gender and race-based patent gaps potentially diminish \u201cinternational competitiveness\u201d, says Gauri Subramani, an assistant professor of management at Pennsylvania\u2019s Lehigh University. The US needs to \u201cmine its full talent pool\u201d, Subramani adds. \u201cIf you\u2019re just sampling from 60 per cent of the population, you\u2019re missing out on things that the other 40 per cent of the population might develop that could be good for the economy.\u201dA likely consequence of the gaps is that fewer inventions benefit women and minorities. Rembrand Koning, an associate professor at Harvard Business School, used text analysis of all US biomedical patents filed from 1976 to 2010, to show that all-female inventor teams are 35 per cent more likely than all-male teams to focus on women\u2019s health. \u201cWho benefits from innovation depends on who gets to invent,\u201d wrote Koning and co-authors in Science in June 2021.Subramani has found that a big part of the gender gap could be closed by addressing the differences between men and women in responses to early patent application rejections by the USPTO. She and co-authors evaluated the outcomes of almost 1mn patent applications in the US from 2001 to 2012 and found that \u201cwomen are less likely to continue in the patent process after receiving an early rejection\u201d.If you\u2019re just sampling from 60 per cent of the population, you\u2019re missing out on things that the other 40 per cent of the population might develop that could be good for the economyThey added: \u201cRoughly half of the overall gender gap in awarded patents during this period can be accounted for by the differential propensity of women to abandon applications.\u201d\u00a0Applicants who have access to a lawyer, or have a company affiliation, are more likely to persist despite initial rejections, Subramani says. She has welcomed a USPTO programme matching applicants with pro-bono legal counsel. The USPTO increased its funding for these counsel by 40 per cent, to $1.2mn, in 2022, according to its director Kathi Vidal, in a response to an inquiry last year by US Senator Elizabeth Warren and US Representative Sheila Jackson Lee regarding how the patent office was addressing the gap.\u00a0Generative artificial intelligence tools could also lead to a more diverse pool of patent recipients, lawyers suggest. Claude.ai, the large language model built by AI start-up Anthropic, already \u201cdoes a pretty good job\u201d of evaluating whether a patent might have been denied based on an inventor\u2019s race, or invention user\u2019s race, says Damien Riehl. A technology lawyer, Riehl has launched a searchable platform for prior art patent claims called \u201cAll the Patents\u201d, which aims to thwart efforts by individuals who seek to patent an artwork that is already invented and patented. He also participates in a legal alliance developing standards for organising and classifying legal data.Generative AI could eventually assist the USPTO, or others, in developing tools to help patent applicants better refine applications and respond to initial rejections. Colleen Chien, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, who has co-authored a soon to be published paper on AI\u2019s role in boosting patent quality and equity, recommends that the USPTO work with private software companies to develop cheap, possibly free, generative AI-based tools to help patent seekers with limited experience of the process.I don\u2019t see technology as a way to fix biasBut other researchers remain unconvinced about generative AI as the panacea. \u201cI don\u2019t see technology as a way to fix bias,\u201d says Goodman.Mike Teodorescu, an assistant professor at the University of Washington\u2019s Information School, expresses similar doubts. He studies disparities in patents issued but says he would want any supposed generative AI solutions to be carefully measured for effectiveness.However, technology that assists and lowers costs for inventors who seek patents without the help of a lawyer will benefit women filers more than men, argues Charles de Grazia, an assistant professor at \u00c9cole de Management L\u00e9onard de Vinci in Paris. He is co-author, with Teodorescu, of a 2022 research paper on closing the gender gap in patenting. In their study, women inventors \u2014 specifically those seeking patents without a lawyer\u2019s help \u2014 benefited from assistance about 33 per cent more than men, de Grazia says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Summarize this content to 2000 words in 6 paragraphs in Arabic Identifying the extent, and causes, of gender- and race-based disparities among patent recipients in the US may help to provide ways to narrow these gaps, researchers say.Data from the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) shows that, in 2020, fewer than 13 per cent<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-120203","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-tech"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120203"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120203\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globetimeline.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}