The development of fruit fly wings is a critical process, as the flies will not survive if their wings do not develop into the right shape. Researchers at UC Riverside have been investigating how fly embryo cells develop in order to better understand human development and potentially find treatments for birth defects. Instead of studying individual cells, the team used powerful supercomputers to simulate how groups of cells interact and become wing tissue. Their research, published in Nature Communications, focused on the mechanical properties of the cells and how they form a structure known as a ‘wing disc’.
Through their simulations, the researchers discovered that a subcellular structure called actomyosin plays a significant role in the development of the wing disc, particularly in the flattening of the lower wing disc. Actomyosin is a dynamic network of actin fibers that influences the stiffness and height of the cells, as well as the movement of cell nuclei during division and growth. The structure also interacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed of collagen and helps cells adhere to one another. The researchers found that the flexibility or stiffness of the ECM affects tissue shape and development.
In future research, the team hopes to further investigate the genetic and chemical signals that impact actomyosin and tissue development. While mechanical factors like pressure and membrane surface tension play a role in shaping tissues, chemical signals are also likely important. The researchers are funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and are working towards understanding the mechanisms that can help restore damaged tissues to their normal function.
The researchers are optimistic that their findings may have implications beyond fruit flies and could potentially be used to correct defects in human tissue formation. By understanding the factors that control tissue development and identifying genes that may contribute to birth defects, the team hopes to eventually reprogram or correct these defects. By connecting specific genes to tissue development factors, the researchers believe they may be able to develop treatments for birth defects and even enable tissue regeneration in humans or animals.
Overall, the research conducted by the UC Riverside team sheds light on the intricate processes involved in tissue development and how mechanical and chemical factors interact to shape tissues like fruit fly wings. By understanding how actomyosin influences tissue development, the researchers hope to pave the way for potential treatments for birth defects and tissue regeneration. Their work highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between mathematicians, bioengineers, and biologists in unraveling the complexities of tissue development and potential applications in human health.