The latest data from the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) projects an increase in the number of new cancer cases and deaths in Canada in 2024, totaling 247,100 diagnoses and 88,100 deaths. Cancer is cited as the leading cause of death in Canada, with approximately two in five Canadians expected to be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime, with one in four eventually succumbing to the disease. Lung cancer is projected to be the most common type of cancer diagnosed in 2024, with notable advancements in reducing lung cancer rates attributed to decreased tobacco use, a key risk factor for the disease. However, incidence rates for less common cancers such as liver, kidney, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are projected to increase due to factors such as alcohol consumption, viral infections, obesity, and high blood pressure.
The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the current burden of cancer in Canada to ensure appropriate resource allocation, policymaking, and prevention efforts. While the incidence rates of some common cancers such as lung, colorectal, and prostate are projected to decrease, other less common cancers are expected to see a rise. The authors credit the decline in cancer rates to ongoing efforts across the cancer control spectrum, including improvements in prevention, screening, and treatment. Notably, lung cancer rates in Canada have been steadily decreasing due to a decrease in tobacco use, while colorectal cancer rates have seen the most significant decrease due to organized screening programs.
Regional variations in cancer mortality rates were observed in the study, with higher rates in eastern Canada compared to western Canada. Reasons behind these variations could include differences in risk factors, screening practices, and diagnoses. For example, breast cancer screening guidelines vary by province, with accessibility differing across the country. The study also highlighted the issue of receiving cancer diagnoses in emergency departments in Canada, indicating a lack of adequate primary care-initiated pathways for diagnosing suspected cancer. The authors suggest expanding outpatient clinics and providing more guidance to support patients discharged from the emergency room to streamline cancer diagnosis pathways.
The study underscores the need for continued efforts in prevention, screening, and early detection to reduce the burden of cancer in Canada. While some progress has been made in reducing the incidence and mortality rates of certain cancers, particularly those related to smoking and organized screening programs, challenges remain in addressing the rise in less common cancers and improving access to timely cancer diagnosis. Initiatives to increase screening participation, such as starting breast cancer screening at age 40 for those at average risk, are recommended to make a significant impact in reducing cancer rates in the long run. Access to outpatient clinics and guidance for patients discharged from emergency rooms are also essential strategies to improve the efficiency of cancer diagnosis pathways in Canada.
